The Maginot Line tells them Pecola is at her mother's workplace, explaining that Mrs. . Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. When the little white girl asks Mrs. Breedlove who the black girls were, Mrs. Breedlove assures her that she doesn't need to know: "Hush. Subscribe now. Please wait while we process your payment. It is also possible that Miss Mary Mack comes from the slang meaning of mack for a "pimp" or "flirting," dating back to the late 1800s. [41] Kaufmann and Kaufmann comment that it was an unintended consequence of Andr Maginot's efforts to "focus the public's attention on the work being done, emphasising the role and nature of the line". Nonetheless, in 1927, the Inter-Allied Commission, which was responsible for ensuring that Germany complied with Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, was abolished as a goodwill gesture reflecting the "Spirit of Locarno". I seem to recall you are new to the game. Bluest Eye literature essays are academic essays for citation. She seems to see herself as an aggressor, but she has also suffered in her life. His desire to poison the animal stems solely from his own hatred of the beast, and his racial self-loathing prevents him from offering any sound counsel to Pecola. Principal line of resistance: This line began 10km (6mi) behind the border. Pecolas fourteen-year-old brother, who copeswith his familys problems by running away fromhome. The British diplomat Sir Eric Phipps, who attended the conference, commented afterwards that: The London Conference was for the French 'man in the street' one long Calvary as he saw M. Herriot abandoning one by one the cherished possessions of French preponderance on the Reparations Commission, the right of sanctions in the event of German default, the economic occupation of the Ruhr, the French-Belgian railway Rgie, and finally, the military occupation of the Ruhr within a year. The Maginot Line, also called Miss Marie, could be considered either. During the ensuing Ruhrkampf ("Ruhr struggle") between the Germans and the French that lasted until September 1923, Britain condemned the French occupation of the Ruhr. Despite its monumental concrete glory, which was the pride of interwar France, the Maginot Line ultimately wasn't able to stop Adolf Hitler's Nazi war machine from quickly overwhelming and occupying France in World War II. The fear in the little white girl's eyes suggests she has been taught to fear black people. When she speaks to Pecola and her friends, her voice is like rotten pieces of apple, but when she speaks to the white girl, her voice is like honey. The Germans then broke through the fortification line as defending French forces retreated southward. She is tall and impressive, and she carries a hickory stick. Read an in-depth analysis of Claudia MacTeer. In 1939 U.S. Army officer Kenneth Nichols visited the Metz sector, where he was impressed by the formidable formations which he thought the Germans would have to outflank by driving through Belgium. Elihue hates the animal and longs to poison it, but he convinces himself that he wishes to poison it for the animal's own sake. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! On the balcony above the door, Marie (the Maginot Line) is having a drink of root-beer. [20] Faced with a manpower shortage, French planners had to rely more on older and less fit reservists, who would take longer to mobilise and would diminish the French industry because they would leave their jobs. Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. "They cashed in their chips. She knows that Henrys actions are inappropriate, but she does not understand what they mean. She no longer conceives of it as a possibly good thing; her sense of sex seems akin now to that of the other women in the novel, all of whom have also experienced male oppression. Yet at the same time the girls sense is also the communities sense of the prostitutes. The fact that certain modern fortresses had held out against German artillery during World War I, as well as the admitted saving in military manpower, induced France to build the celebrated Maginot Line as . The German Army, having reformulated their plans from a repeat of the First World War-era plan, became aware of and exploited this weak point in the French defensive front. The World War II German invasion plan of 1940 (Sichelschnitt) was designed to deal with the line. By the eve of WWII, the French had constructed a string of fortifications stretching from the Swiss Alps to the English Channel, but the heaviest defenses were along the 280-mile (450-kilometer) border with Germany. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. [20] The drop in the birth rate during and after the war, resulting in a national shortage of young men, created an "echo" effect on the generation that provided the French conscript army in the mid-1930s. This section is arguably the most successful part of the novel. Dave Roos You go around it. But when Hitler and the Nazis rose to power in the early 1930s, they quickly backed out of the Treaty of Versailles and began equipping for a much different kind of war. Somewhat like "line in the sand" it is also used in non-military situations, as in "Reagan's budgetary Maginot Line."[56]. Besides that, a few private houses are built atop some blockhouses.[34]. The protagonist of the novel, an eleven-year-old Black girl who believes that she is ugly and that having blue eyes would make her beautiful. How do colorism and classism cause this status? A third-person omniscient narrator describes Cholly's life. French decision-makers believed they needed Britain's help to win another war; the French could only go so far with alienating the British. Consequently, the Germans invaded through the Low Countries in 1940, passing it to the north. She loses the job because Cholly shows up at her workplace drunk. 10. Wed love to have you back! Through the window they see Mr. Henry inside with, legs and an ugly face. The prejudice and treatment that Pecola receives because of her skin color is called "colorism," a sister type of discrimination that has only recently been studied and researched. Read an in-depth analysis of Pauline Breedlove. [10], The training was carried out at a fortress near the town of Bitche in Moselle in Lorraine, built in a military training area and so capable of live fire exercises. Maginot Line. They had found that the question of the cou- . Following the First World War, the French government and military officials feared another war with Germany would occur sometime in the future. Beyond that, the French were well aware of the contribution of Britain and its dominions to the victory of 1918. French engineers even constructed emergency dams and levees that could flood the surrounding fields to further slow the German attack. His active response contrasts with Pecolaspassivity. She asks where "Polly" is, something that infuriates Claudia because even Pecola calls her own mother "Mrs. "The Maginot Line was meant to stop a World War I-style attack of infantry and artillery, and it did what it was supposed to do," says Kirchubel, who's written multiple books on World War II military campaigns. Pauline points out the hypocrisy of the woman, who says she's thinking of Pauline's future but won't give her the small sum she needs to pay the gas man. However, after France had failed to counter the German remilitarisation of the Rhineland, Belgiumthinking that France was not a reliable allyabrogated the treaty in 1936 and declared neutrality. ", Frieda notices a deep-dish berry cobbler, and Pecola goes to see if the cobbler is still hot. She finds Frieda upstairs crying. 3. From front to rear (east to west), the line was composed of: 1. Mr. Henry, an adult male character, forces Frieda into womanhood. Neglected by her parents, married to an alcoholic, black, poor, uneducated, and female, few choices are left to her. During the funeral, Cholly goes down to the river with a girl named Darlene. for a customized plan. It is the Maginot Line. While the accommodations weren't luxurious, the barracks and mess halls were a tremendous improvement over the mud, freezing cold and disease of WWI trenches. Music Producer, Rapper, Gamer, Artist , Just trying to make it through this thing called LIFE!! A co-worker and friend of Chollys during his boyhood. The line wasn't Maginot's idea alone, but he helped push the ambitious, multimillion-franc project through parliament. The thick-walled forts and casemates of the Maginot Line withstood direct hits from German bombers as they were designed to do, but the real action happened far away from that solid line of defense. When the bigger plan went to crap, the Maginot Line went along with it.". Maureen is light-skinned and wealthy. Some of the larger ouvrages were converted to command centres. France quickly extended the Maginot Line along the Franco-Belgian border, but not to the standard of the rest of the line. The secret German-Soviet cooperation started in 1921. Cholly, then, is free, without parents or people. He has a gruff manner toward little Blackgirls. They would be supplemented by reservists who lived in the local area and who could be quickly mobilised in an emergency. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. Once the French forces left the Rhineland in 1930, this form of leverage with the Rhineland as collateral was no longer available to Paris, which from then on had to depend on Berlin's word that it would continue to abide by the terms of the Versailles and Locarno treaties, which stated that the Rhineland was to stay demilitarised forever. The Maginot Line was impervious . for a group? Heavy rail artillery was hauled by locomotives to planned locations to support the emplaced artillery in the fortresses, which was intentionally limited in range to 1012km (67mi). The white neighborhood in which Mrs. Breedlove works is beautiful and well kept, demonstrating the connection between race and class. (one code per order). Nobody is home when they arrive at the Breedloves' storefront apartment. All these troops wore distinctive uniform insignia and considered themselves among the elite of the French Army. In the 17th century, from his luxurious palace at Versailles, Louis XIV oversaw the construction of citadels and fortresses meant to mark and protect the Sun King's territory. Ouvrage Hochwald is the only facility in the main line that remains in active service as a hardened command facility for the French Air Force known as Drachenbronn Airbase. These impressive fortifications 142 large artillery forts called ouvrages or "works," 352 fortified gun emplacements called "casemates," and 5,000 smaller bunkers and pillboxes became known as the Maginot Line, named after the French politician Andr Maginot (pronounced Mah-ji-noh). The strategy was that the Maginot Line would blunt any invasion and allow time for mobilisation and counterattack by allied forces. The narrator of parts of the novel. for a customized plan. 8. The Maginot Line was built to fulfil several purposes: Maginot Line fortifications were manned by specialist units of fortress infantry, artillery and engineers. Their crew consisted of between 100 and 200 men. "Maginot and these other guys weren't dumb," says Kirchubel. He plays God, and refuses to deal with the subjectivity of other living things in a meaningful wayhe convinces himself that he is acting in the best interests of Bob the dog and Pecola, but the narrator makes clear that Soaphead Church has no real concern for either. She finds her mother singing and behaving strangely, absentmindedly doing the same chore twice. 11. Dont have an account? Although the alliances with Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia were appreciated in Paris, it was widely understood that this was no compensation for the absence of Britain and the United States. 19 January 2021. The fortifications were built as a result of experiences from the . In contrast, the opposing German Army Group C only contained 19 divisions, fewer than a seventh of the force committed in the Manstein Plan for the invasion of France. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Pauline makes a little extra noise while delivering, to let the doctors know that she's no horseand she also points out to us that if you look into a mare's eyes, you realize that even a horse feels pain. Saltzman provided art director Syd Cain with a tour of the complex. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. High-voltage Transmission Lines, initially above-ground but then buried, and connected to the civil power grid, provided electric power to the many fortifications and fortresses. The Germany-facing section of the Maginot Line presented a string of obstacles, traps and artillery forts that ran 16 miles (25 kilometers) deep in places. The MacTeers boarder, who has a reputation for being a steady worker and a quiet man. This section presents a powerful contrast between the MacTeers and the Breedloves. She accepts everyone elses assumption that she is superior and is capable of both generosity and cruelty. These outposts covered the main passages within the principal line. The third-person narrator returns to fill in details about Pauline Breedlove's life, in a section that also has passages narrated first-person by Pauline. [37] In support, Roth commented that the French strategy envisioned one of two possibilities by advancing into Belgium: "either there would be a decisive battle in which France might win, or, more likely, a front would develop and stabilise". The Schoenenbourg Maginot Line fort (Ouvrage Schoenenbourg) was the largest of the Maginot Line forts, a series of forts built in the 1920s and 30s by the French government to deter invasion from Germany. Her mother reinforces this connection as well. There are 58 ouvrages, 311 casemates, 78 shelters, 14 observatories and around 4,000 blockhouses on the North-West, and 84 ouvrages, 41 casemates, three observatories and around 1,000 blockhouses to the South-West. The Nazis knew that the heart of the Maginot Line was nearly impenetrable, so they feinted attacks along the heavily fortified border while they planned for their massive 1940 invasion of France through the Netherlands and Belgium. Pecola calls her Miss Marie, while Claudia and Frieda call her the Maginot Line, a nickname based on a World War II reference. Ultimately, any tender feelings Cholly has for Pecola are transformed into a desire to consume her. During the advance to the English Channel, the Germans overran France's border defence with Belgium and several Maginot Forts in the Maubeuge area whilst the Luftwaffe simply flew over it. | The word cloche is a French term meaning bell due to its shape. Frieda and Claudia are confused about what ruined means and worry that Frieda will become fat like the Maginot Line. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. GradeSaver, 27 August 2019 Web. Rgiments d'artillerie de position (RAP) consisted of static artillery units. In contrast, the propaganda about the line made it appear far greater a construction than it was; illustrations showed multiple storeys of interwoven passages and even underground rail yards and cinemas. on 50-99 accounts. She treats the girls with some kindness, telling them that Pecola is with Mrs. Breedlove at the house where Mrs. Breedlove is a servant. They could be single (with a firing room in one direction) or double (two firing rooms in opposite directions). They find the house and see Pecola sitting on the stoop outside. By early June, the German forces had cut off the line from the rest of France, and the French government was making overtures for an armistice, which was signed on 22 June in Compigne. One Saturday afternoon in spring, Cholly, while totally drunk, rapes his daughter. He goes to Macon, where his father supposedly resides. This section shows the powerful deterministic forces that have shaped Pauline. The location of this attack, chosen because of the location of the Maginot Line, was through the Belgian Ardennes Forest (sector 4), which is off the map to the left of Maginot Line sector 6 (as marked). For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. Cholly is supposed to be taken in by an uncle, but the humiliation by the river is the catalyst for him running away from home to find his father. [50] Kaufmann and Kaufmann point to the Maginot Line along the Italian border, which "demonstrated the effectiveness of the fortifications when properly employed".[51]. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. The white hunters are out of his reach; for all intents and purposes they are invincible (although later, as a grown man, Cholly learns to hate and kill white men). Maginot Line. She learns that Mr. MacTeer has beaten up Mr. Henry and kicked him out of the house. A rapid advance through the forest and across the River Meuse encircled much of the Allied forces, resulting in a sizeable force having to be evacuated at Dunkirk leaving the troops to the south unable to mount an effective resistance to the German invasion of France.[3]. The Question and Answer section for Bluest Eye is a great But after a few days of following M'Dear's prescription, Aunt Jimmy eats a peach cobbler and dies. Over time, she begins to devote all of her energy to taking care of the Fishers' home, and neglects her own home. She finds a permanent job working for a wealthy and warm-hearted white family called the Fishers. Two telephone wires were placed parallel to the line of fortifications, providing redundancy in case a wire gets cut. Claudias father, who works hard to keep the familyfed and clothed. An advancing German army would first be spotted by camouflaged observation points hugging the German border. Discount, Discount Code The Maginot Line by Bryan J. Dickerson, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maginot_Line&oldid=1141389027, Military installations established in 1930, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2011, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with Czech-language sources (cs), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mostly intact, through the preservation of the French Government, To save manpower (France counted 39 million inhabitants, Germany 70 million), To cover the mobilisation of the French Army. Many believe it to mean "sea of bitterness" or "sea of sorrow." However, some sources cite the alternative definitions of "rebellion," "wished-for child," and "mistress or lady of the sea." The name is borne in the Bible by the mother . To be used as a basis for a counter-offensive. In 1968, when scouting locations for On Her Majesty's Secret Service, producer Harry Saltzman used his French contacts to gain permission to use portions of the Maginot Line as SPECTRE headquarters in the film. Those feelings are gone now, and she thinks less and less about them. 2. [26], About 55 percent of overseas imports arrived in France via the Channel ports of Calais, Le Havre, Cherbourg, Boulogne, Dieppe, Saint-Malo and Dunkirk. When the Allied forces invaded in June 1944, the line, now held by German defenders, was again largely bypassed; fighting touched only portions of the fortifications near Metz and in northern Alsace towards the end of 1944. A decoy force sat opposite the line while a second Army Group cut through the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as through the Ardennes Forest, which lay north of the main French defences. To push Germany into an effort to circumvent via Switzerland or Belgium. Gros Ouvrages: These fortresses were the most important fortifications on the Maginot Line, having the sturdiest construction and the heaviest artillery. [17] Versailles did not call for military sanctions in the event of the German military reoccupying the Rhineland or breaking Part V, while Locarno committed Britain and Italy to come to French aid in the event of a "flagrant violation" of the Rhineland's demilitarised status, it did not define what a "flagrant violation" would be. After an afternoon of relaxing in a field, splitting milkweed stems. Pecola faints from the pain, and when she wakes she can't remember what happened. During peacetime, fortresses were only partly manned by full-time troops. In response, The Maginot Line throws glass bottle at the girls and laughs at them as they run away. At fifteen, she meets Cholly; they marry and move far up to the North. But World War I worsened the problem. She loses her tooth, Pauline tells us, while biting into a piece of candy at the movies. Claudias mother, an authoritarian and sometimes callous woman who nonetheless steadfastly loves and protects her children. Breedlove. From upstairs, the little girl calls for Polly, and Pecola accidentally pulls a freshly baked berry cobbler off the counter. Both static and mobile artillery units were assigned to defend the Maginot Line. He is fiercely protective of his daughters. Claudia's response reveals the injustice she feels with regard to the little girl's gesture, and the violent tendencies such feelings inspire. Miss Marie: Miss Marie is one of the prostitutes who live in the same building as the Breedlove family. The family of Elihue Whitcomb displays a kind of mixed-race person who lives in colonial societymore fortunate than pureblooded natives, they are still ultimately powerless, allowed to occupy only the most meaningless government positions, allowed to be educated but never to rule. This section, like the sections on Pauline and Cholly, shows a preoccupation with geneology and ancestry. LitCharts Teacher Editions. The Maginot Line is upstairs on the porch drinking root beer, and she tells the children that Pecola is helping her mother at her workplace. The term "Maginot Line" has become a part of the English language: "America's Maginot Line" was the title used for an Atlantic Magazine article about America's military bases in Asia. The theme of love's scarcity can be seen in the treatment of Marie and the other prostitutes, whose names recall their vulnerable status. [41] Donnell argued that the primary purpose of "prevent[ing] a concerted attack on France through the traditional invasion routes and to permit time for the mobilisation of troops was fulfiled", as was the French strategy of forcing the Germans to enter Belgium, which ideally would have allowed "the French to fight on favourable terrain". She treats the girls with some kindness, telling them that Pecola is with Mrs. Breedlove at the house where Mrs. Breedlove is a servant. Rosemary Villanucci came out and told Frieda that her father would go to jail, and Frieda hit her. [37][38], Julian Jackson highlighted one of the line's roles was to facilitate that strategy by "free[ing] manpower for offensive operations elsewhere and to protect the forces of manoeuvre"; the latter included a more mechanised and modernised military, which would advance into Belgium and engage the German main thrust flanking the line. 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