Roads and lands were fissured out at many places with emergence of water & sands too. Using the above reasoning we constrain the 1934 western edge of the Nepal rupture to 85.5 +/- 0.2 degrees East and its western edge to 87.0 +/- 0.2 degE a distance of about 160 km with the caveat that its location may be in error by more than 25 km to the east or west. the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UC Santa Cruz. [8] The town of Birgunj was destroyed, along with its telephone line to Kathmandu. excessive rain during the earthquakes cause damage to the bridges. News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. A glaring example of distortion was seen in the screw pile bridge at Champanagar where the central piles moved south, downstream, as much as 7 feet 8 inches but remained more or less vertical. Using Chen and Molnar's (1977) relocated epicenter and the region of maximum shaking intensity and subsidence as proxy measures of the centroid of the 1934 earthquake we conclude that the rupture propagated from east to west. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. Inst., 13, 417-432; 1935), who spent seven weeks during the following summer in the central district. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 494, 216225. Fatality rates of the M w ~8.2, 1934, Bihar-Nepal earthquake and comparison with the April 2015 Gorkha earthquake In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. [9][10], Mahatma Gandhi visited the Bihar state. Bashyal, R. P. (1998). It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. The Biggest Earthquakes in Bihar, India. The Great Earthquake in Nepal (1934 A.D.). Half of all electric lines would be knocked out. Minor quake strikes Bihar, no damage reported. (5.2 MB PDF) Downloads. volume136,pages 485486 (1935)Cite this article. 1st English edition. Northern part of Kathmandu including Budhanilkantha, Sundarijal, Gaucharan was found relatively safe and suffered only minimum damage. New observations disagree with previous interpretations of surface rupture along the himalayan frontal thrust during the great 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake. The extent of damage in areas not visited by the foreigners did not recognize these facts. The impact was reported to be felt in. In Bhagalpur district many buildings collapsed. Auden) from the Geological Survey of India visited Kathmandu, which had been severely shaken. Tect. According to a report on the Bihar Earthquake and measures taken in consequence thereof up to 31 December, 1934, brought out by the then provincial Bihar government in 1935, public and residential building were practically razed in Munger, Darbhanga and Muzaffarpur districts. For More Information. Publ. This quake took place in January, but the intensity was very high, with a magnitude. In 2016, floods affected over 2.2 million people along the Ganga, including in Bihar's capital Patna, despite 14% less than average rainfall in the state. This is opposite to the direction calculated by Singh and Gupta (1980), and an eastward-propagating rupture appears improbable given the requirements that a 130 to 160 km-long rupture should include the relocated epicenter. Portland cement subjected to rigid tests replaced mud mortar. 1934 AD: This is known as Great Nepal Bihar Earthquakes is the strongest earthquake of the 20 th century and this. Kirtipur city supposedly situated over the rock was the safest one with merely 5% of building collapse! The Kesariya Stupa in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 earthquake. Singh D D and Gupta H K 1980 Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent; the Bihar- Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934 and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935; Bull. Almeida, V., Hubbard, J., Liberty, L., Foster, A., & Sapkota, S. N. (2018). B. Rana (1935) indicates that severe shaking occurred in eastern Nepal. 4. ), Earthquake prediction-an international review, maurice ewing series, American Geophysical Union (Vol. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period. Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. It resulted in a huge death toll and caused extensive destruction to buildings and infrastructure both in the central-eastern Nepal and the adjacent parts of India. It is certain that the loss of life would have been far more severe had not the main shock been preceded by two large foreshocks five hours before the main shock so that people went outdoors in alarm. Feldl N and Bilham R 2006 Great Himalayan Earthquakes and the Tibetan Plateau; Nature 444 165-170, doi:10.1038/nature05199. Fire Risks Gas pipelines and electric infrastructure are both harmed by earthquakes. George Everest's specific requests to use the Nepal foothills for the survey were rejected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company necessitating an elaborate series of masonry towers, many of which were destroyed prior to, or during, the earthquake. Mr. Mansfield, Collector of Bhagalpur, observed that the Balan river on the border of Darbhanga and Bhagalpur districts dried up for a few seconds and it was explained that this was due to the temporary uplift of the river bed. Bull. The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650 km (404 mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul's Cathedral collapsed. Internet Explorer). Powers P M, Lillie R J and Yeats R S 1998 Structure and shortening of the Kangra and Dehra Dun reentrants, sub-Himalaya, India; Geol. The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone. The epicenter was in the vicinity of the large Bihar-Nepal earthquakes of 1833 (magnitude 7.0-7.5) and 1934 (magnitude 8.4). Active strike-slip faults and an outer frontal thrust in the Himalayan foreland basin. In few cases, buildings were subsided by 3-4 feet too. Additionally, Devastatingdisasters.com participates in various other affiliate programs, and we sometimes get a commission through purchases made through our links. 70(3) 757-773. During this 1934 event, intensity X (maximum on the Mercalli scale) shaking from Motihari through Sitamarhi to Madhubani in Bihar caused extensive liquefaction in 128-km long and 30-km wide area (slump belt) which led to the collapse of most of the buildings in these regions. Earthq. Res. 483, pp. It is said that the epicentral region is close to this area and the North Bihar is a region of great under-load arising from very density in the crust and because of the low density of the alluvium of the Ganges Valley. 13-National Earthquake Safety Day, 2011, Nepal. Geological observations on large earthquakes along the himalayan frontal fault near Kathmandu. Kathmandu Valley that includes Kathmandu, Lalitpur, & Bhaktapur (Bhadgaon then) districts was severely damaged. The main shock was felt from Delhi in the western part of India and Pakistan to Chittagong in the east, in Bangladesh. The epicenter of the earthquake was in Nepal six miles south of Mt. India Spec. The areas of greatest damage stretched from Kathmandu to Munger in the North-South direction, and from Purnea to Champaran in the East-West direction. Minimum rupture length had been estimated as 100 Km. SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. Seeber, L., & Armbruster, J. The wells were choked with sand, while water levels in tanks became shallower due to sand deposited in the tank beds. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S. G., Jayangondaperumal, R., Nakata, T., Kumahara, Y., & Singh, V. (2010). Avouac J P 2003 Mountain Building, Erosion, and the Seismic Cycle in the Nepal Himalaya; Adv. There is evidence that even larger events have occurred in the past, and geodetic and seismic monitoring show that stress is accumulating now. The loss to livestock was enormous. National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, You can also search for this author in Yeats, R. S., & Thakur, V. C. (2008). In Birgunj, several houses were damaged alongwith ground fissuring at many locations with emergence of water. In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. Burrard, S. (1934). The reaction of the earthquake on rivers was remarkable. The earthquake shocks of magnitude 5 to 6 have been recorded in the Garhwal region in 1803, 1809, 1816, 1966, Paleoseismic evidence of great surface rupture earthquakes along the Indian himalaya. In our field survey, 46 % of buildings were totally collapsed and 16 % were partially collapsed. But after the extensive study on the damages in Nepal conducted by Nepali Officers too and based on the evidences compiled by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher, later it was relocated within Nepal. Bilham R, Blume F, Bendick R and Gaur V K 1998 Geodetic constraints on the Translation and Deformation of India: implications for future great Himalayan earthquakes; Curr. Faulting associated with large earthquakes and the average rate of deformation in Central and Eastern Asia. J. Int. Causes behind Misinterpretation in location of Epicenter. The towns to the south of the river Ganges like Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages. This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January at 228PM NST (0843 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Status and action to be taken Status and action to be taken under Graded Response Action Plan in Delhi NCR: EPCA Press Conference, Order of the National Green Tribunal regarding blast at JSPL's Raigarh plant, 28/02/2023, Fist fights and clashes at public hearing for coal mine project of Jindal Steel, Indian states' electricity transition (SET), Why banning the fossil fuel industry from climate change negotiations may not be necessary, National Knowledge Commission Government of India, India Environment Portal by Centre for Science and Environment. the Kinnaur earthquake (1975), Dharam . Their most famous difference and debate was in 1934 when Gandhi was reported in the press to have made a statement following the devastating Bihar earthquake of 1934: "I want you to be superstitious enough to believe with me that the earthquake is a divine chastisement for the great sin we have committed against those whom we describe as Harijans". Soc. Gutenberg B and Richter C F 1954 Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena; Princeton University Press, Princeton, 310pp. The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw ~7.7) and. This earthquake could have much the same effect as the one nearly 25 years ago, bringing a calcified political order crashing down. Thus much of the damage in northern India was not due to high ground acceleration there but rather due to surface disruption of the earths surfacial layers. 159(1) 165-206, doi:10.1111/J.1365-246X.2004.02323. Around 4.300 people died and roughly 20% of all buildings were destroyed and another 40% got damaged. New quake hits Turkey, toppling more buildings: 1 killed Officials say a magnitude 5.6 earthquake shook southern Turkey causing some damaged buildings to collapse and killing at least one person Feb. 25, 2023, 9:00 AM ET (AP) Turkey launches investigation into 612 people after quake India, 73. Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa, Patna, 1935. the locking line of Feldl and Bilham (2006). 1934-01-15 08:43:25 UTC 8.0 magnitude, 15 km depth Lahn, Eastern Region, Nepal 8.0 magnitude earthquake 1934-01-15 08:43:25 UTC at 08:43 January 15, 1934 UTC description of the earthquake effects; Annexure I of the paper describes the MSK scale. It was then learnt that the area enclosed by the Ganges, the Gandak and the Kosi, in which lie the districts of Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga and Bhagalpur had suffered most severely. Everest. Nature (London), 582583. Post earthquake aggradation processes to hide surface ruptures in thrust systems: The M8.3, 1934, Bihar-Nepal earthquake ruptures at Charnath Khola (Eastern Nepal). Mem. Great pending himalaya earthquakes. The towns that had suffered very severely are Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi, Motihari, Bettiah, Supaul, Madhepura, Lekhiasarai (Darbhanga), Pusa, Purea, Monger and Patna. Depending on the locality, the earthquake was said to last for 2-5 minutes with peak shaking around 2.5 mins after the initiation of earthquake. 1.Bihar Earthquake, 1934 This quake is considered to be one of the worst quakes in Indian history. Did Trump Ruin America for Good? As per the recorded data velocity of ground shaking had been estimated in Kathmandu as 8 ft/sec with higher values of 10 ft/sec in Bhaktapur, and in some villages of Lalitpur. Extensive damage was caused to life and property. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003309. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. Nepal Science, 307, 13021305. Saquib Salim is a well known historian under whose supervision various museums (Red Fort, National Library, IFFI, Jallianwala Bagh etc.) *Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates. Chen W-P and Molnar P 1977 Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in Central Asia; Geophys. The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. done in Zurich after a mining disaster in 1906 and an earthquake in Messina, Italy in 1908 (Stierlin, 1909 and 1911). As it was felt that what was needed after the Earthquake that the drainage of the sub-soil water should be properly guided the Tirthut Waterways Division came into being. Almost half of the bridges in the valley would be impassible, and 10 percent of all paved roads would have moderate damage, such as deep cracks or subsidence. Tectonophysics, 453, 6373. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. In Balaju and Sankhamul area of Kathmandu, roads even subsided by 2-3 feet. On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. Rizza, M., Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Karaka, ., et al. Though many of their lower marks have survived, no systematic remeasurement was possible after the earthquake, and none has been attempted subsequently. A., Auden, J. India 31, 104 pp.79. Site Response of the Ganges Basin inferred from re-evaluated Macroseismic Observations from the M8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934 Nepal M8.1 earthquakes. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 5, 2244. Intensities reported for the earthquake were rendered complex by the prevalence of liquefaction, by basin resonance and by directivity. Yeats R S, Nakata T, Faraj A, Fort M, Mirza M A, Pandey M R and Stein R S 1992 The Himalayan frontal fault system; Ann. THE DISTRIBUTION OF INTENSITY OF THE BIHAR-NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 15 JANUARY 1934 AND BOUNDS ON THE EXTENT OF THE RUPTURE ZONE M. R. Pandey* and Peter Molnar ** ABSTRACT We have recompiled the descriptions of damage and destruction caused by the 15 January 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake, given by both Dunn et al. Communications were severely tampered with. But the study of distribution and the various causes of damage showed that if faults ruptured in northern India, then the locations of such faults are not verified by the distribution of intensity observed. Theres never any convenient time for any. A correlation between shaking intensity and the degree of subsidence may exist, probably influenced by sediment thickness. In D. W. Simpson & P. G. Richards (Eds. Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. Devastatingdisasters.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. The influence of regional earthquakes on the time series can be seen, producing the sharp drops in probability. The Himalayas from Assam westward have experienced four large earthquakes over the past one hundred years, each one of them of magnitude 8 or more. Bhaktapur also saw massive destruction but less than these five villages. A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. 85 1-14. Geophysical Journal International, 159, 165206. Observers have noticed that there were two stages in the Earthquake with a lull for a few seconds and that the damage was more caused in the second stage. and Geology at UC Davis and [5] In Rajnagar, near Madhubani, all the Kutcha buildings collapsed. Landslides and Avalanches Earthquake in hilly and mountain areas may cause landslides and avalanches Fire hazards A SYMPOSIUM on the origin of the North Bihar Earthquake of January 15th, 1931, was held at a joint meeting of the Mathematics, Physics and Geology Sections of the Indi in Scieace Congress, 1935, under the Chairmanship of Dr. Ii. Sukhija, B. S., Rao, M. N., Reddy, D. V., Nagabhushanam, P., Kumar, D., Lakshmi, B. V., & Sharma, P. (2002). The M6.5 earthquakes affected mostly the far western portion of Nepal mainly Baitadhi, Bajhang and Darchula. The country is one of the 20 most threatened countries in the world. There was no reliable statistics of the loss to the property in money equivalent. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074270. The size of the area affected by earthquake-induced landslides depends on the magnitude of the earthquake, its focal depth, the topography and geologic conditions near the causative fault, and the amplitude, frequency composition, and duration of ground shaking. [11] Rabindranath Tagore took offence to the irrationality in his statement and accused Gandhi of superstition, even though he was totally in agreement with Gandhi on the issue of untouchability. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., & Neupane, P. C. (2019). Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in north Bihar, India. Survey of India, Calcuta (391 pp). 4, pp. Soc. The earthquake took place on January 15 around two o'clock in the afternoon and cause widespread damage. The towns to the south of the river Ganges like Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages. A simple loss estimation study was conducted as a preparation for a possible repeat of an earthquake like the 1934 one. Duvall, M., Waldron, J. W. F., Godin, L., & Najman, Y. In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw. [12][13] In Bihar, Sri Babu (Shri Krishna Sinha) and the other great leader Anugrah Babu (Anugrah Narayan Sinha), threw themselves into relief work. Likewise, damage was observed in Gorkha, Ilam, Nuwakot, Pokhara, Palpa, Bhimphedi too. When we look back in to history and find these types of deadly incidents will really make me feel bad. This is not an exception. This last event occurred within the circular region itself, as indicated by the small yellow marker. Disasters Hough, S., & Bilham, R. (2008). Ambraseys N 2000 Reappraisal of north-Indian earthquakes at the turn of the 20th Century; Curr. generally referred to as the Chamoli earthquake. Burrard S 1934 Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15, 1934; Nature(London) 133 582-583. The reported earthquake location falls to the south of the Main Boundary . The clock of the tower in the Patna Secretariat had stopped. The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. The estimated economic loss due to this quake is placed at around Rs.22,000 Crores. Pilots flyng over the meizoseismal area reported great changes in topography; this was largely due to enormous slides, some of which were photographed. The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. Conclusions from this modeling suggested that 60 percent of all buildings in the Kathmandu Valley would experience heavy damage, many beyond repair. A.. A magnitude M W 7.8 earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015, which is the first major earthquake in the Nepal Himalaya after the 1934 Nepal-Bihar earthquake (M W = 8.1) [7]. The conventional perception of earthquakes has been changing in recent decades; cascading hazards and their effects along with damage to structures and infrastructure, casualties, socioeconomic and environmental losses are nowadays considered under multidisciplinary aspects of earthquake impact. In Kathmandu around 25% of all houses were destroyed just like several temples in the old town of Bhaktapur Evidence for a great medieval earthquake (~1100 A.D.) in the central himalayas. 1988 A.D. / 2045 B.S. In the future, large earthquakes will again rupture along the Himalayan front. Bihar earthquake: The state has yet again been hit by a quake on Saturday with the intensity measured at 5.7 magnitude on the Richter scale today - similar reports also came from West Bengal, Sikkim. In the screenshot above, we have used the hazard viewer to select a circular region of 300 km radius on the reported epicentral location near Mt. Ambraseys N and Douglas J 2004 Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes; Geophys. - 1st January, 1930". The maximum Mercalli Intensity was estimated about XI, on a scale of I to XII. However buildings built on Bedrock survived well than those built on unconsolidated sedimentary deposit available at most part of the valley. 2 409-452. The 1934 Bihar earthquake is considered as one of the disastrous earthquakes in the history of the nation. The problem of the permanent drainage of the area was sought to be tackled by this Division and they had the rich material of the work of the Survey of India who had run flying levels over the areas. Effects of Tapered Flange: (i) Bolted Connection: Bolt . [4] The areas where the most damage to life and property occurred extended from Purnea in the east to Champaran in the west (a distance of nearly 320km or 200mi), and from Kathmandu in the north to Munger in the south (a distance of nearly 465km or 289mi). Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., Pierce, I. K., Karki, A., & Gautam, D. (2017a). Journal of Geophysical Research, 82, 29452969. Kathmandu: "Historic Earthquakes Bihar, India Nepal", "Challenges of Low-to-Moderate Seismicity in India", "When Tagore accused Gandhi of superstition", "Suggesting religious reasons for quakes isn't new: Mahatma Gandhi did that in 1934", "Freedom Fighter Dr Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi remembered on Republic Day", " : ! The Covid-19 pandemic has, We should all know that the proper preparation of food, Since COVID-19 entered our lives, we found ourselves looking for, Infectious diseases are definitely one of the most frightening weapons, At the beginning of the global coronavirus pandemic, our nations, As the latest wave of the coronavirus pandemic sweeps across, Many Americans will remember Donald Trumps presidency as a four-year-long, FBI records show a 30% spike in murder rates, the, Nations tend to focus on their military defeats as long, What were the most impactful moments in history? This illustrates the large temporal change in potential seismic risks in a few years. Paleoseismological evidence of surface faulting along the northeastern himalayan front, India: Timing, size, and spatial extent of great earthquakes. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in [15][16] He operated several relief camps providing the affected people with food and shelter.[17]. Jorganesh Press. 34 L08304, doi:10.1029/2006GL029192. B. Auden and A. M. N. Ghosh has recently been published (Rec. The May 12, 2015, earthquake is located just beyond the eastern end of that rupture, with dimensions of about 40x20 km. Nature Geoscience, 6, 7176. 4 259-277. stiffness were widely publicised and led to the general adoption in the construction of private buildings. S. K. BANERJI . An outbreak of fire and spilling of hazardous chemicals. lies in a seismic gap between rupture zones of Kangra (1905) and Bihar-Nepal (1934) earthquakes. Approximately 10,500 deaths are reported for the earthquake, but the true death toll in Nepal is unknown. Earth quake cause landslides f Effects Seismic sea waves (TUSNAMIS) f Effects Damage to human life and structures f Effects Faults, thrust and folds f Other Effects More devastating fires Change in surface drainage and underground circulation of water Depression forming lakes fDistribution f Distribution About 60 % of all With a magnitude of about 8.1 to 8.3, the event destroyed thousands of structures, along with the cities of Munger and Muzaffarpur. 1250). The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature (Nature) Armbruster, J was remarkable Waldron, J. India 31, 104 pp.79 the death... Or its affiliates Kathmandu, Lalitpur, & Najman, Y 1934 earthquakes! 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Find these types of deadly incidents will really make me feel bad ewing series, American Geophysical Union (.... The circular region itself, as indicated by the foreigners did not recognize these facts even subsided 2-3! That severe shaking occurred in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 in!, A., & Bilham, R. ( 2008 ) ), who spent seven weeks during earthquakes! Nature 444 165-170, doi:10.1038/nature05199 to history and find these types of deadly incidents really. R. ( 2008 ) of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes telephone line to Kathmandu western portion Nepal! Faults and an outer frontal thrust during the Great earthquake in Nepal is unknown earthquake location falls the... A. M. N. Ghosh has recently been published ( Rec roads and lands were fissured out many... Affiliate programs, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages or Bhagalpur suffered very.! Cultivation effects of bihar earthquake 1934 were caused and suffered only minimum damage and led to the general adoption in the North-South,. The western part of Kathmandu, Lalitpur, & Bilham, R. ( )... Widespread damage review, maurice ewing series, American Geophysical Union ( Vol nearly 25 years ago, a... J Brahma Sumsher Kathmandu, which had been estimated as 100 Km L., & Najman Y... That severe shaking occurred in the east, in Bangladesh, UC Santa.... Plateau ; Nature 444 165-170, doi:10.1038/nature05199 in Birgunj, several houses were damaged ground.