enterobacter aerogenes hemolysis on blood agar

Li, B., Yu, R., Liu, B., Tang, Q., Zhang, G., Wang, Y., Xie, G., & Sun, G. (2011). Enterobacter strains are resistant to penicillins and other cephalosporins because of the production of chromosomal beta-lactamase with cepholosprinase activity. 2005 June; 187(11): 38943897. agar., CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18905741, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Salmonella_species_growing_on_XLD_agar_-_Showing_H2S_production_-_Detail.jpg, S. typhimurium is a non-lactose-fermenter on MacConkey (MAC) agar.By Sun14916 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18864146, In the TSI sugar slant, Salmonella produces an alkaline slant, an acid butt and H2S gas (black); K/A/H2S;By Microrao - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7626848, By Y tambe - Y tambe's file, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=213162, In the TSI slant test, tube #3 in this image contains Salmonella species, which produces an alkaline (K) slant, and acid (A) butt and H2S gas (black);By Witmadrid - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5715510, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=611961, S. flexneri in a Gram-stained slide under the microscope;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Shigella_flexneri_Gram.jpg, Shigella in TSI slant produces an alkaline slant (K), an acid butt (A), but NO H2S gas (Slant 5);By Y_tambe - Y_tambe's file, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3119999, This is a stool smear containing Shigella bacteria, red and white blood cells, indicative of an infection;By Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Publich Health Image Library - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Publich Health Image Library, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=611972, S. boydii on blood agar;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/ShigellaBoydii.jpg, S. boydii on HEK agar produces green colonies on HEK agar;Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2740677, Sphingomonas produces orange colonies on blood agar;By Nathan Reading from Halesowen, UK - Sphingomonas paucimobilis on Columbia Horse Blood Agar, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18931410, By User:Valugi - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26433168, By HansN. Yokoi, Haruhiko, et al. In 1971, this species was proposed to be renamed Klebsiella mobilis due to its motility conferred by peritrichous flagella and its genetic relatedness to Klebsiella genus. St. Louis, Mo. 2. The pink color of the bacterial growth indicates E. aerogenes is able to ferment lactose to produce weak acid end-products. The Dienes phenomenon: competition and territoriality in Swarming Proteus mirabilis. Carbapenem resistance can emerge after 40 days of carbapenem resistance and its mechanism can be directly correlated with the loss of the OmpE36 gene along with the production of multiple beta-lactamases that confer its resistance to other broad spectrum antibiotics as well. Volume 7, Issue 4, 1990, Pages 295-304, ISSN 0740-0020. Most are included as part of the human commensal microflora of the oral and upper respiratory tract, GI tract, and female genital tract and are typically contaminants of laboratory cultures, but some are associated with opportunistic infections when they gain access to normally sterile sites. Clark - http://phil.cdc.gov/ ID# 1255, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11502606, By Stefan Walkowski - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43450567, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Aeromonas_hydrophila_colonies_02.jpg, By Nathan Reading from Halesowen, UK - Aeromonas hydrophila on Columbia Horse Blood Agar - detail, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18914823, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Aeromonas_hydrophila_on_Columbia_Horse_Blood_Agar.jpg/1920px-Aeromonas_hydrophila_on_Columbia_Horse_Blood_Agar.jpg, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Aeromonas_hydrophila_on_TCBS_Agar.jpg/1920px-Aeromonas_hydrophila_on_TCBS_Agar.jpg, By Nathan Reading from Halesowen, UK - Aeromonas hydrophila on T.C.B.S agar - detail, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18937495, By Stefan Walkowski - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40664337, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Arcanobacterium_haemolyticum_after_48_hours.jpg, A peritonsillar abscess;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/PeritonsilarAbsess.jpg/600px-PeritonsilarAbsess.jpg, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bacillus_cereus_and_Escherichia_coli.jpg/2560px-Bacillus_cereus_and_Escherichia_coli.jpg, By Y tambe - Y tambe's file, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=686297, By Hanna Srensson from Karlstad, Sweden - Bacillus cereus, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40046917, By Photo Credit:Content Providers(s): CDC/ Courtesy of Larry Stauffer, Oregon State Public Health Laboratory - This media comes from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Public Health Image Library (PHIL), with identification number #1924.Note: Not all PHIL images are public domain; be sure to check copyright status and credit authors and content providers.English| Slovenina| +/Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1859513, By Content Providers(s): CDC/Dr. Enterobacter aerogenes causes disease in humans through inadvertent bacteria transfer in hospital settings. BAP contains 5% sheep blood. It usually causes opportunistic infections, meaning that it will usually only cause a disease in a person or host that has a compromised immune system. (1) There are two types of hemolysis. E. aerogenes as well as others in its genus are known to be resistant to antibiotics, especially E. aerogenes and E. cloacae. Blood agar plates andhemolysis: familyenterobacteriaceae., Publication Date: December 2009 Lactose fermentation on Mac. 2. . Similarly, the ompA gene of E. sakazakii had sequence identities of 86% and 88% at the nucleic acid and amino acid levels. E coli is a gram-negative bacillus that grows well on commonly used media. Greyish to white-colored large, circular, and convex colonies. Research shows that two clinical strains of E. aerogenes exhibited phenotypes of multiresistance to -lactam antibiotics, fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and kanamycin. Klebsiella on Hektoen agar (yellow, mucoid). Z. Arch Microbiol. Yellow, surrounded by yellow zones, opaque, mucoid with precipitation zones. Enterobacter species are often implicated in burn, wound, and urinary tract infections. Enterobacter aerogenes was originally named Aerobacter aerogenes, and was later included in the genus Enterobacter in 1960. Cephalosporins are under the class of B-Lactam antibiotics and these type of antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. In the laboratory, growth of Enterobacter isolates is expected to be detectable in 24 hours or less.Enterobacter species grow rapidly on selective (ie, MacConkey) and nonselective (ie, sheep blood) agars. The Escherichia coli have the greatest diversity of action on the blood. An official website of the United States government. Bruce, S. K., Schick, D. G., Tanaka, L., Jimenez, E. M., & Montgomerie, J. It selectively promotes the growth of Gram-negative bacteria and aids in the differentiation of lactose fermenter and non-lactose fermenting colonies. It was shown that the compound did not significantly increase membrane permeability, pointing to a unique and specific effect on chloramphenicol pump activity. Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, or Staphylococcus aureus. 8600 Rockville Pike C. hemolysis. 2007 Jan. 14. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Circular, dome-shaped, mucoid, translucent or opaque greyish white colonies; 2-3 mm diameter; - hemolysis (no hemolysis). April 18, 2022 by Sagar Aryal. The optimal temperature of this bacteria in its mesophilic environment is 37 C. enterobacter aerogenes. Bacteria have no hemolysins to lyse the red blood . MacConkey Agar: Term [image] Definition. 1964 Feb 15;20(2):75-6. doi: 10.1007/BF02151248. Enterobacter aerogenes, part of the Enterobacteriaceae Family, is a rod-shaped bacteria that causes bacterial infections, and is usually acquired in a hospital or hospital-type atmospheres. The gram-negative bacteria resides in soil, water, dairy products and inhabits a natural flora in the gastrointestinal tract of animals as well as humans. Fig 15: Enterobacter aerogenes on EMB agar J Clin Microbiol. Furthermore, E. cloacea and E. aerogenes are the species most commonly associated with aduilt cases of meningitis. 2023 Microbe Notes. Image Source: Cole-Parmer Instrument Company. Pale white colonies as swarming growth with successive waves to form a thin filmy layer of concentric circles. Providenica, Salmonella and Shigella did not interact with human blood. E. faecalis is Gram-positive cocci in pairs and chains, Enterococcus faecium on blood agar grows as small, white, round, convex colonies that are gamma hemolytic, By Nathan Reading from Halesowen, UK - Streptococcus pyogenes (Lancefield Group A)on Columbia Horse Blood Agar, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19000648, By Nathan Reading from Halesowen, UK - Streptococcus pyogenes (Lancefield Group A) on Columbia Horse Blood Agar- detail 2, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19000932, A picture perfect plate of S. pyogenes!By Micronerdbox @ Flickr - http://www.flickr.com/photos/micronerdbox/6848244797, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19264817, S. pyogenes (bottom streaks) versus E. faecalis (top streaks) shows the beta-hemolysis of the streptococci versus the gamma hemolysis of the E. faecalis;By Copacopac (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons. The bacteria consists of DNA and is circular. For Reference you can see: Levine M. "Differentiation of E. coli and B. aerogens on a . They are alpha-hemolytic, greening the agar underneath. B-Lactams covalently binds to and inactivates transpeptidase enzymes (which are responsible for cross-linking the amino acid that form the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall). 1985 May;141(4):371-6. doi: 10.1007/BF00428852. WikiJournal of Medicine 2 (1). The American Society for Microbiology, Privacy Policy, Terms of Use and State Disclosures. 8th ed. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. 21.A H Seeberg, R M Tolxdorff-Neutzling, and B Wiedemann Chromosomal beta-lactamases of Enterobacter cloacae are responsible for resistance to third-generation cephalosporins.Antimicrob. Their ability to colonize cell surfaces, however, is due to the production of extracellular complex polysaccharides like glucans or dextran, which enhance their attachment to cells or tooth surfaces. Flat, colorless colonies; 2-3 mm diameter. This organism has a sweet, "caramel" scent to it, which is very distinct. Four of the clinical strains tested had increased susceptibility to norfloxacin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol, which were previously kept outside of the cell by efflux pumps. Thick Gram-positive bacilli but become Gram-negative with age or stain unevenly; rods are straight or curved, occurring singly or in pairs, Can cause necrotizing fasciitis and gangrene, Patients who get an infection typically have neutropenia, Club-shaped, Tennis-racket, Drumstick-shaped rods, Spores that are oval and terminal or subterminal, Gram-positive bacilli, becoming Gram-negative with age (>24 hours), which occur singly and in pairs, Gram-positive diphtheroid rod that looks like "clubs", "V-shapes", "Chinese Letters", or "drumsticks", often in palisade formation (side-by-side), Fastidious Gram-negative bacilli (short rods, may not stain completely in the middle), Tiny pinpoint, dry, hazy, graycolonies that tend to "stick" to the agar, Greenish discoloration underneath the colonies, Found in the human mouth and upper respiratory tract flora, Can cause bite wound infections, respiratory infections (especially in patients with CF), infections associated with cancers of the head and neck, diabetics are prone to infection, IV drug users are prone to infection, Part of the HACEK group of bacteria (culture-negative endocarditis and 3% of all cases of infective endocarditis in those with poor oral hygiene or periodontal disease), Treatment consists of the Penicillins, Cephalosporins or Tetracyclines, May be carried by and cause infection in Cystic Fibrosis patients, Nitrate reduction negative (a few are positive), Good growth on blood and chocolate agars but not on MacConkey agar, Pale yellow colonies surrounded by gray discoloration, Colistin-resistant but vancomycin-susceptible, Occasionally causes infections from contaminated venous lines, contaminated water or dialysate or other fluids, nosocomial pneumonia, endocarditis, post-surgical infections, bacteremia, meningitis in immunocompromised adults, soft tissue sepsis, necrotizing fasciitis, Looking for the ability, or inability, to ferment lactose and convert it into gas (represented by cracks or bubbles) an acid (usually a color change by a color indicator), Production of H2S gas (represented by a black pigment), Ability to hydrolyze urea (represented by a color change to bright fuchsia), Motility testing to determine whether or not they are motile or non-motile, Testing to determine whether the bacteria possesses the ability to alkalinize or acidify the agar, Water testing (millipore) for contamination, Part of the normal flora of the human gut (GI tract/intestines), Can cause opportunistic urinary and respiratory tract infections, Part of the Group D Streptococcus family (see Streptococcus Group D below), Part of the human commensal flora of the GI tract, Can cause life-threatening nosocomial infections, Many strains are highly antibiotic-resistant, Also causes dental infections in root canals or that are associated with the need for one, Weakly catalase positive or catalase negative, Infections include infectious endocarditis, UTI, septicemia, meningitis, respiratory, ear, catheter-associated, Commensal flora of the human GI tract that is occasionally associated with infective endocarditis, meningitis,bloodstream, bacteremia, sepsis, wound, surgical, catheter-associatedor UTI, Vancomycin-resistant strains are common and are called VRE. The only exception being E. gergoviae. Fair growth; pink-colored colonies without a sheen. They had a drastic reduction in the amount of the major porin but with an apparently conserved normal structure (size and immunogenicity), together with overproduction of two known outer membrane proteins, OmpX and LamB (8). Most E coli strains are nonpigmented. Colonies are without hemolysis but many strains isolated from infections are beta-hemolytic. Preventative measures can be taken to reduce infection of E. aerogenes by monitoring careful, aseptic surgical techniques (3). Learn how your comment data is processed. It differentiates the bacterial species based on their . 3-4 mm. Overall, these results are unfortunate as carbapenems are almost a last resort in end-stage infection. For such scenarios, propositions of using old drugs such as colistin have been made, despite their great nephro- and neurotoxicity (18.). Enterobacter aerogenes: raised colonies, no metallic sheen; often motile; more viscous growth. Under the microscope, Enterobacter is rod-shaped with rounded ends. Rods Cescherichia coli Klebsiella pneumonial Preateus hauseri Enterobacter aerogenes Centerol Alcaligenes faecalis Lactase Positive Negatie E. cali P. hauseri K. preumonial A . Procedure Obtain a deep of EMB agar, melt it and prepare a Petri plate. Isolates D and E have shown deviations in LPS balance from ATCC13048, causing resistance to colistin shortly after administration. One of these particular compounds, labeled compound 905, was shown to induce the inhibition of the chloramphenicol pump, allowing the chloramphenicol to enter the bacterial membrane, increasing concentrations of it inside the cell. "Enterobacter aerogenes Hormaeche and Edwards 1960 (Approved Lists 1980) and Klebsiella mobilis Bascomb et al. Circular, dome-shaped, mucoid, pink to purple colored translucent or opaque colonies; 2-3 mm in diameter. Large, smooth, flat colonies with entire margin without beta hemolysis. (18). However, E. aerogenes is motile and urease negative while K. aerogenes is nonmotile and urease positive (5). 6 (1995): 571-574. Family Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichia coli, non-hemolytic strain (Large, gray, moist colonies. 128 They commonly are found in soil, water, and sewage. 2nd ed. Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International 8.3 (2009): 320-322. My Flashcards. The original infection was thought to be related to the immunosuppressive characteristics of chemotherapy that the man received for liver cancer, facilitating a shift of microorganisms from the intestinal tract into the blood and other parts of the body. 13. The G + C content is 64% and no psuedo genes are recorded for E. aerogenes (9). glistening, small, transparent, gamma-hemolytic on blood agar and have a musty odor to them. Enterobacteriaceae may account for 80% of clinically significant isolates of gram-negative bacilli and for 50% of clinically significant bacteria in clinical microbiology laboratories. Temperature: 35 Citation: Rebecca Buxton. D. hemolysis. A Biblioteca Virtual em Sade uma colecao de fontes de informacao cientfica e tcnica em sade organizada e armazenada em formato eletrnico nos pases da Regio Latino-Americana e do Caribe, acessveis de forma universal na Internet de modo compatvel com as bases internacionais. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Using a sterile loop, the inoculum in question is inoculated on both agar plates and four streak sections are made flaming the loop before each streak. Bacteriology Benches (Processing, Throats, Stools, Wounds, Respiratory, Eyes, Ears, GC/GBS, Sterile BF, Blood, Urines, QC), Diseases and Isolation of the Microbes that Cause Them, Streaking Agar Plates: 4 Quadrant Streak Method, Bacterial Growth Patterns and Colony Types, The Kirby Bauer Method and E Test for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Microbiology History, Background, Introduction, A. israelii is the most cause of actinomycosis, which is nonmotile and non-acid-fast, In THIO, will show a zone band of flocculent or granular growth about 1 cm below thesurface with a clear area above it, It does not ferment mannitol, xylose or salicin, Only Actinomyces species that is catalase +, Large convex, smooth, mucoid, tan colonies, Cultures: aerobic and anaerobic blood, stool, and wound, Colonies are small, golden, beta-hemolytic, and resemble S. pyogenes, however, they are Gram-positive rods in Gram-stain rather than cocci, Emetic form is caused by heat-stable enterotoxin and occurs just 1-6 hours after eating contaminated food. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a glucose nonfermenter and is thus MR- and VP-. Synopsis. Membrane permeability was tested to ensure that the results were not influenced by compound side-effects increasing membrane permeability. Disclaimer. Appl Environ Microbiol. Combined surgical and medical therapy is superior, reducing the mortality rate to between 20% and 60% (14). One of the bi-products of fermentation is hydrogen gas. In addition to the expanded spectrum of cephalosporins, Enterobacter aerogenes was recently shown to develop resistance to carbapenems in a 39-year-old Chinese male following a cadaveric liver transplant. The fibrinolysis on human erythrocytes and plasma. FOIA Fraser, Susan L. MD, [et al.]. Infants, the elderly, and those who are in the terminal stages of other disease or are immunosuppressed are prime candidates for such infections (9). The medium was poured into the plates and after solidify the medium; in center of each plate one well was bored with borer (6mm . Sagar Aryal is a microbiologist and a scientific blogger. This bacterium can cause gas gangrene, and it is associated with colorectal cancer and problems with the bowel. Enterobacter spp. Salmonella Chromogenic (SC) Agar - Oxoid. Agents Chemother., Jun 1983; 23: 918 - 925. This Columbia Blood Agar. Divide in THIO broth in just 6.3 minutes! S. anginosus is a member of the Viridans Group Streptococci. New York: McGraw Hill, 2007. Reference will enhance for ident cation of Bacteria. Greyish to white-colored large, circular and convex colonies; smooth and rough colonies. He attended St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, to complete his Master of Science in Microbiology. The diarrheal form is caused by heat-labile enterotoxin, and it occurs about 9 hours after eating contaminated meat, sauce or vegetables. This is the first time that Enterobacter has been reported in cryptogenic infectious aortitis. It tests an organism's ability to ferment the sugar glucose as well as its ability to convert the end product of glycolysis, pyruvic acid into gaseous byproducts. 3. However, one strain of E. aerogenes, HO-39, has the ability to continue fermentation at pH levels as low as 4. One thousand eighty enterobacteriaceae, isolated during a period of three months, were tested for the presence of hemolysis, hemagglutination and fibrinolysis on human erythrocytes and plasma. Successive Emergence of Enterobacter aerogenes Strains Resistant to Imipenem and Colistin in a Patient. It is also indole-negative. Transparent colorless colonies with no zone of precipitation; non-lactose fermenting colonies. Known to cause outbreaks and spread in hospitals (nosocomial infections), Fermenting and non-fermenting strains (lactose), There are serotypes associated with food poisoning ("Traveler's Diarrhea") (O157:H7), They produce vitamin K2, which is needing for blood clotting and wound healing, Many are motile (produce flagella) (peritrichous), Infections can include gastroenteritis, UTI (most common cause), respiratory, neonatal meningitis, hemorrhagic colitis, Crohn's disease, mastitis, sepsis), Gram-negative, pale-staining, irregular-stained, highly pleomorphic rods with swollen areas, filaments, large, bizarre, round bodies, Grows on ANABAP agar as circular, entire or having irregular edges, convex, barely umbonate, smooth, translucent, non hemolytic colonies, Gram-negative, pleomorphic bacilli, round-to-tapered ends, filamentous or round bodies, more pleomorphic with age, On ANABAP agar, grows as circular, umbonate colonies with a ridged surface, translucent or opaque, will fluoresce chartreuse under UV light, the agar will green upon exposure to air, some strains are beta-hemolytic, Gram-negative, pale-staining, long, slender, spindle-shaped rods with sharp pointed edges or tapered ends, On ANABAP agar, grows as either bread crumb-like, white or gray-white colonies, speckled, or smooth; also greens the agar upon exposure to air and also fluoresces chartreuse under UV light, but usually non hemolytic, Gram-negative, uneven staining, pleomorphic, short oval rods occurring as singles or pairs, On ANABAP, grows as colonies with gray-white centers with colorless edges that look like fried eggs and are circular, entire, convex, translucent, and nonhemolytic, Do not ferment mannitol, lactose, or rhamnose, Good growth on Chocolate Agar and Haemophilus Quad Plate with X and V Factors, Blood agar growth is only shown as satellite growth around other bacteria such as S. aureus (tiny smooth, transparent, translucent or grey convex colonies), Incubate in 37 degrees C in a CO2 incubator, Encapsulated (a, b, c, d, e, f) and unencapsulated strains, Hib substraincan cause epiglottitis, pneumonia, bacteremia, and acute bacterial meningitis and there is a vaccination for this subtype, This is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in unvaccinated children, Some strains cause cellulitis, osteomyelitis, and infectious arthritis, Upper respiratory infection with fever leading to wheezing and bronchitis, Second or third generation cephalosporins, Part of the commensal flora of the human GI tract, but can occasionally cause infection in the immunocompromised or can cause a UTI, Curved, spiral, corkscrew or straight, slightly plum Gram-negative rods, Tests include rapid urease (Clotest), culture, direct antigen test, serology testing, urea breath test and confirmation by gastric biopsy, Gram-negative bacilli (short, thick rods), Grow at 35-37 degrees Celsius with a pH of 7.2, Can cause UTIs, pneumonia, septicemia, meningitis, diarrhea, soft tissue and wound infections, medical device biofilm and infection, Causative agent of the pneumonia-like illness known as Legionnaire's Disease, Causative agent of the mild flu-like illness known as Pontiac Fever, Growth on Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract Agar (BCYE), Common in soil and aquatic systems and spread through the air vents, May be identified using a Legionella Urinary Antigen Test, culture, DNA probe, or PCR, Large, spherical cocci arranged in tetrads, pairs or singles or clusters, Gemella spp (normal flora of the human oral and upper respiratory tracts), Large, spherical cocci arranged in tetrads, pairs or singles, clusters, Cocci in singles pairs, chains or clusters, Gram-positive bacilli, showing pallisades formation, Gram-negative coccobacilli (large) or diplococci or singles, tetrads or clumps, usually in "coffee bean" pair formation, Can cause lower respiratory infection and pneumonia, Very rarely causes bacteremia or meningitis, M. lacunata causes blepharoconjunctivitis in humans, Can cause nosocomial infections, post-surgical, UTI infections, wound infection, post-surgical infection, peritonitis, CNS infection, endolphthalmitis, pneumonia, chorioamnionitis, neonatal sepsis, pyomyosititis, arthritis, necrotizing fasciitis, Off-white, opaque, medium colonies, smooth, convex, pinpoint white centers, shiny, Motile but some nonmotile at 30 degrees C, Gram-negative diplococci shaped like 2 kidney beans or coffee beans facing each other, Grow on Chocolate Agar, Thayer Martin, Martin Lewis, MTM, NYC medium, JEMBEC system, Nonmotile (has no flagella, but does produce twitching motility due to pili), In the sugars test, only ferments glucose, Protein II is an adhesin that enables the bacterium to stick to mucosa, Cultures, Gram-stain, and nucleic acid probe aid in identification, 5-10% of adults may carry this organism in their nares (asymptomatic carriers), Minimum of 48-72 hours turnaround time and up to a week for serotyping, Causes blood vessel destruction, hemorrhage, sepsis, skin rash as tiny, round, red dots called petechiae, Can damage the adrenal glands of the kidneys, IgA1 protease (destroys IgA of the immune system), Iron-chelater (steals iron from the host), CSF culture, Gram-stain, and latex agglutination test aid in identification, Fluoroquinolone with Metronidazole or clindamycin, Gram-negative pleomorphic bacilli (small, ellipsoidal to elongated rods) in singles, pairs, and chains (rarely), Bipolar staining ("safety pin" appearance), Causes cellulitis, swelling, pus and drainage, possible arthritis, possible abscess, Anaerobic Gram-positive cocci occurring singly and in pairs, tetrads, irregular masses, Produces tiny, convex, shiny, smooth, circular, black or light gray colonies on ANABAP, Anaerobic Gram-positive cocci or large coccobacilli, often in chains; larger than most other anaerobic cocci, Growth is medium gray-white, translucent-to-opaque, nonhemolyticcolonies with a sweet or fetid odor, Smells sweetand putrid at the same time, GNR (straight) in singles, pairs, and short-to-long chains (pleomorphism in young colonies), Very motile, especially at 25 degrees Celsius (but may be absent or weak at 37 degrees Celsius), Indole negative (NOTE: some strains may produce indole), Associated with urinary catheter-associated UTI, Has been known to cause sinus infection or respiratory infection, Causative agent of UTI (urinary catheter-associated), P. stuartii and P. alcalifaciens are urease negative, Metallic or green sheen due to production of a diffusible pigment called pyocyanin or pyoverdin, On Hektoen agar: grows as blue-green colonies with black centers, On XLD and MAC agars: grows as colonies with large black centers (non-lactose-fermenter), Serogrouping is done by a reference laboratory, Some strains produce indole and others do not (indole-variable), Causative agent of shigellosis: diarrhea, fever, cramps, nausea, vomiting, and gas with painful bowel movements that may contain blood, mucus and/or pus, Causative agent of dysentery (moderate-to-severe diarrhea) and dehydration; Young children have been known to have convulsions or seizures, Accounts for epidemics/outbreaks of dysentery, which is transmitted via the fecal-oral route by the ingestion of contaminated food or water, or by direct person-to-person contact, Produces the shiga toxin, a potent enterotoxin similar to the verotoxin produced by E. coli O157:H7 strain, which is linked to the fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), Does not ferment mannitol, sucrose, xylose, or raffinose, Fecal leukocyte stain is positive for presence of leukocytes and red blood cells, Most frequently isolated in culture worldwide, Accounts for about 60% of cases in the developing world, Produces 2 potent toxins: ShET 1 and ShET2, Accounts for about 77% of cases in the developed world and about 15% in the developed world, Gram-positive cocci in clusters (tetrads and sarcinae when dividing), Staphaurex latex test positive (clumping) most of the time, but not always, Ferments mannitol to produce bright yellow colonies on MSA, Normal flora of the skin, nose, respiratory tract (commensal), Causes opportunistic infections (skin, respiratory, urinary tract, sepsis/bacteremia, wound, sinusitis, food poisoning), so every bench will encounter and work up this organism, Responsible for infections such as pimples, boils, folliculitis, carbuncles, furuncles, cellulitis, abscesses, scalded skin syndrome, Linked to life-threatening illnesses, including pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, sepsis, Linked to nosocomial infections, especially post-surgical wound infections and septic arthritis, Linked to food poisoning, and incubation period is just 1-6 hours after eating contaminated food, with illness lasting 30 minutes to 3 days. Unique and specific effect on chloramphenicol pump activity International 8.3 ( 2009 ) 320-322! Of fermentation is hydrogen gas beta hemolysis color of the Viridans Group Streptococci one of the Viridans Streptococci!, flat colonies with entire margin without beta hemolysis is 37 C. Enterobacter aerogenes on EMB agar J Microbiol... E. coli and B. aerogens on a K. aerogenes is nonmotile and urease Positive ( 5.... To them by yellow zones, opaque, mucoid, translucent or opaque ;! As Swarming growth with successive waves to form a thin filmy layer of concentric circles ; 23: 918 925... Agar plates andhemolysis: familyenterobacteriaceae., Publication Date: December 2009 lactose fermentation on Mac with zone! Is nonmotile and urease Positive ( 5 ) Jimenez, E. M., & Montgomerie,.... Enterobacter strains are resistant to penicillins and other cephalosporins because of the Viridans Group Streptococci greatest diversity action. 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